Speech difficulties can include:
- Planning and coordinating oral movements needed for speech (apraxia of speech)
- Fluency (stuttering/cluttering)
- Voice (hoarseness)
- Understanding language (receptive)
- Using language (expressive)
- Social communication (pragmatic language)
- Prelinguistic communication (joint attention, turn-taking, communicative intent)
- Paralinguistic communication (gestures, signs, body language)
- Pronunciation (articulation)
- Developing speech patterns that we use in communication (phonology)
- Literacy (reading, writing, spelling)
- Cognitive functioning (higher function or reasoning)
- Hearing (auditory rehabilitation)
- Resonance
- Weak or reduced movement of articulators (tongue and/or lip)
- Swallowing/feeding (sucking, chewing, swallowing of food or liquids and related feeding behaviours).
- Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)